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Operating Systems Notes Unit 1 – 12
Unit 1: Operating System as a Resource Manager
An “Operating System” (OS) functions as a resource manager by efficiently managing a computer’s hardware and software resources. It acts as an intermediary between users and the hardware, allocating.
Unit 2: CPU Scheduling
“CPU scheduling” is the process by which an operating system determines the order in which processes access the CPU for execution. Since multiple processes may require CPU time simultaneously.
Unit 3: Memory Management
“Memory management” is a crucial function of an operating system that oversees the allocation, use, and release of a computer’s memory resources. It ensures that each process running on the system has the necessary memory to execute efficiently.
Unit 4: File Systems
A “file system” is a method used by an operating system to organize, store, retrieve, and manage data on storage devices such as hard drives or SSDs. It defines how data is structured, named.
Unit 5: Security and Protection
“Security and protection” in operating systems refer to mechanisms that safeguard the system’s data, resources, and processes from unauthorized access, misuse, or malicious threats. Security focuses on ensuring the confidentiality, integrity.
Scope of Operating Systems
Security:
- User authentication
- Access control
- File and data protection
Networking:
- Communication protocols (TCP/IP, UDP)
- Network interface management
- Network file systems
Objectives of Operating Systems
The primary objectives of an operating system are:
- Efficient resource management: Optimize the utilization of hardware resources such as CPU, memory, disk, and I/O devices.
- Provide a user-friendly interface: Offer a convenient and intuitive way for users to interact with the computer.
- Support multitasking: Allow multiple programs to run concurrently.
- Ensure system security: Protect system resources and data from unauthorized access.
- Reliability and fault tolerance: Maintain system operation even in case of hardware or software failures.
- Provide a platform for application software: Create an environment for various applications to execute.
Operating Systems Notes: All UNITS
UNIT – 1
1. Introduction to Operating Systems
- Definition and Purpose: Understanding what an operating system (OS) is and its role in a computer system.
- History and Evolution: Brief history of operating systems, from batch processing systems to modern OS.
- Types of Operating Systems: Batch, time-sharing, distributed, real-time, and mobile operating systems.
UNIT – 2
2. System Structures
- System Components: Hardware, system programs, application programs.
- Operating System Services: Functions and services provided by the OS.
- System Calls: Interface between the OS and user programs.
- System Programs: Programs that provide a convenient environment for program development and execution.
UNIT – 3
3. Process Management
- Process Concepts: Definition, process states, process control block (PCB).
- Process Scheduling: Scheduling criteria, types of schedulers (long-term, short-term, medium-term), context switching.
- Operations on Processes: Process creation, termination, inter-process communication (IPC).
- Threads: Concept, benefits, multithreading models.
UNIT – 4
4. CPU Scheduling
- Basic Concepts: CPU-I/O burst cycle, CPU scheduler, preemptive vs. non-preemptive scheduling.
- Scheduling Algorithms: First-Come, First-Served (FCFS), Shortest Job Next (SJN), Round Robin (RR), Priority Scheduling, Multilevel Queue Scheduling.
- Evaluation of Scheduling Algorithms: Throughput, turnaround time, waiting time, response time.
UNIT – 5
5. Synchronization
- The Critical-Section Problem: Solution requirements, mutual exclusion.
- Synchronization Hardware: Mechanisms to achieve process synchronization.
- Semaphores: Definition, operations, and implementation.
- Classical Problems of Synchronization: Producer-Consumer problem, Readers-Writers problem, Dining Philosophers problem.
- Monitors: High-level synchronization construct.
UNIT – 6
6. Deadlocks
- System Model: Resource allocation graph.
- Deadlock Characterization: Necessary conditions, resource allocation graph.
- Deadlock Prevention: Ensuring at least one of the necessary conditions cannot hold.
- Deadlock Avoidance: Banker’s algorithm.
- Deadlock Detection and Recovery: Methods to detect and recover from deadlocks.
UNIT – 7
7. Memory Management
- Basic Concepts: Logical vs. physical address space, memory allocation.
- Swapping: Concept and implementation.
- Contiguous Allocation: Fixed and dynamic partitioning, fragmentation.
- Paging: Basic concept, page table, hardware support.
- Segmentation: Basic concept, segment table.
UNIT – 8
8. Virtual Memory
- Demand Paging: Concept, page replacement algorithms (FIFO, Optimal, LRU).
- Thrashing: Cause and control.
- Page Replacement: Algorithms and performance comparison.
- Memory-Mapped Files: Concept and usage.
UNIT – 9
9. File Systems
- File Concept: File attributes, operations, types.
- Access Methods: Sequential, direct, indexed.
- Directory Structure: Single-level, two-level, tree-structured, acyclic-graph, general graph.
- File-System Mounting: Concept and implementation.
- File Sharing: Methods and issues.
- Protection: Access control mechanisms.
UNIT – 10
10. Secondary Storage Management
- Disk Structure: Physical structure of disks, disk scheduling algorithms (FCFS, SSTF, SCAN, C-SCAN).
- Disk Management: Disk formatting, boot block, bad blocks.
- RAID: Levels and implementation.
UNIT – 11
11. I/O Systems
- I/O Hardware: Devices, controllers.
- I/O Software: Goals of the I/O software.
- I/O Operations: Polling, interrupts, DMA.
- Drivers: Device driver functions and implementation.
UNIT – 12
12. Security and Protection
- Goals of Protection: Ensuring only authorized access.
- Access Control: Access matrix, access control lists, capabilities.
- Security Problems: Threats, intrusions, viruses, worms.
- Cryptography: Basics of encryption and decryption.
Recommended Books and Resources
- “Operating System Concepts” by Abraham Silberschatz, Peter B. Galvin, and Greg Gagne: Comprehensive coverage of OS concepts.
- “Modern Operating Systems” by Andrew S. Tanenbaum: Detailed exploration of modern operating systems.
- “Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles” by William Stallings: In-depth look at OS design and internals.
- Online Resources: MOOCs on platforms like Coursera, edX, and Khan Academy.
Practical Assignments
- Process and Thread Management: Writing programs to create and manage processes and threads.
- CPU Scheduling Simulation: Implementing and comparing different CPU scheduling algorithms.
- Memory Management Simulation: Implementing paging, segmentation, and virtual memory concepts.
- File System Simulation: Creating and managing a simple file system.
- Synchronization and Deadlocks: Implementing synchronization techniques and deadlock handling methods.
- I/O Management: Writing drivers for simulated hardware.
Practical Skills
- System Programming: Writing and understanding system-level programs.
- Problem-Solving: Applying OS concepts to solve practical problems.
- Debugging: Techniques for debugging complex OS-related programs.
- Simulation and Modeling: Creating simulations to model OS behavior and performance.