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Scope of Database Management Systems
Core Functions of DBMS
- Data Storage: Efficiently stores structured data, ensuring data integrity and managing physical data organization on storage devices.
- Performance Optimization: Improves database performance through indexing, query optimization, and other techniques.
- Healthcare: Storing patient records, medical history, and billing information.
Objectives of Database Management Systems
Core Objectives
- Data Abstraction: Hides the complex details of data storage and management from users, providing a simplified view.
- Data Integrity: Ensures data accuracy, consistency, and reliability by enforcing constraints and rules.
- Data Security: Protects data from unauthorized access, modification, or destruction.
- Data Independence: Isolates applications from changes in data storage and access methods.
- Concurrency Control: Manages simultaneous access to data by multiple users, preventing inconsistencies.
- Recovery and Backup: Provides mechanisms to restore the database to a consistent state after failures.
Unit 1: Introduction to Databases
- Database Concepts: Definition and purpose of databases, database vs. file system, advantages of DBMS.
- Database Models: Overview of hierarchical, network, and relational models.
- Database Systems: Introduction to database management systems, components, and architecture.
Unit 2: Relational Model
- Relational Algebra: Operations like selection, projection, join, union, and set difference.
- Relational Calculus: Tuple relational calculus and domain relational calculus.
- Keys and Constraints: Primary key, foreign key, candidate key, integrity constraints.
Unit 3: SQL (Structured Query Language)
- SQL Basics: Introduction to SQL, data types, DDL (Data Definition Language) commands.
- SQL DML (Data Manipulation Language): SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE commands.
- Advanced SQL: Joins, subqueries, aggregate functions, grouping, and sorting.
- PL/SQL and Triggers: Introduction to PL/SQL, cursors, stored procedures, and triggers.
Unit 4: Database Design
- Entity-Relationship Model: Entities, attributes, relationships, ER diagrams.
- Normalization: Functional dependencies, 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF, higher normal forms.
- Design Process: Steps in database design, schema refinement, and normalization process.
Unit 5: Transaction Management
- Transactions: ACID properties (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability).
- Concurrency Control: Problems of concurrency, locking mechanisms, deadlock handling.
- Recovery Systems: Techniques for database recovery, log-based recovery, checkpoints.
Unit 6: Database Security
- Security Issues: Threats to databases, access control, and authentication.
- Encryption: Methods for securing data, encryption techniques.
- Database Auditing: Techniques for auditing database activities.
Unit 7: Advanced Database Concepts
- Distributed Databases: Concepts, advantages, distributed database design.
- NoSQL Databases: Introduction to NoSQL, types of NoSQL databases (document, key-value, column-family, graph).
- Data Warehousing and Data Mining: Concepts, architecture, OLAP, data mining techniques.
Unit 8: Emerging Trends in Databases
- Big Data: Introduction to big data, tools and technologies (Hadoop, Spark).
- Cloud Databases: Database as a service (DBaaS), advantages of cloud databases.
- NewSQL: Introduction to NewSQL databases, combining SQL and NoSQL features.