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Database Management Systems Notes Unit 1 – 8
Unit 1: Introduction to DBMS
“A Database Management System” (DBMS) is software designed to store, retrieve, and manage data in a structured and efficient manner.
Unit 2: Relational Database & ER Model
A “Relational Database” organizes data into tables (relations) with rows and columns, enabling easy storage, retrieval, and manipulation using Structured Query Language (SQL).
Unit 3: Relational Model Objects
“Relational Model Objects” are the fundamental components of a relational database that help organize and manage data efficiently.
Unit 4: Database Design
“Database Design” is the process of creating a structured framework for storing and managing data in a database efficiently.
Unit 5: Data Recovery & Protection
“Data Recovery and Protection” involve strategies and technologies to safeguard data against loss and ensure its restoration in case of failure.
Scope of Database Management Systems (DBMS)
Core Functions of DBMS
- Data Storage: Efficiently stores structured data, ensuring data integrity and managing physical data organization on storage devices.
- Performance Optimization: Improves database performance through indexing, query optimization, and other techniques.
- Healthcare: Storing patient records, medical history, and billing information.
Objectives of Database Management Systems
(DBMS)
(DBMS)
Core Objectives of DBMS
- Data Abstraction: Hides the complex details of data storage and management from users, providing a simplified view.
- Data Integrity: Ensures data accuracy, consistency, and reliability by enforcing constraints and rules.
- Data Security: Protects data from unauthorized access, modification, or destruction.
- Data Independence: Isolates applications from changes in data storage and access methods.
- Concurrency Control: Manages simultaneous access to data by multiple users, preventing inconsistencies.
- Recovery and Backup: Provides mechanisms to restore the database to a consistent state after failures.
Syllabus of Database Management Systems (DBMS)
Unit 1: Introduction to Databases
- Database Concepts: Definition and purpose of databases, database vs. file system, advantages of DBMS.
- Database Models: Overview of hierarchical, network, and relational models.
- Database Systems: Introduction to database management systems, components, and architecture.
Unit 2: Relational Model
- Relational Algebra: Operations like selection, projection, join, union, and set difference.
- Relational Calculus: Tuple relational calculus and domain relational calculus.
- Keys and Constraints: Primary key, foreign key, candidate key, integrity constraints.
Unit 3: SQL (Structured Query Language)
- SQL Basics: Introduction to SQL, data types, DDL (Data Definition Language) commands.
- SQL DML (Data Manipulation Language): SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE commands.
- Advanced SQL: Joins, subqueries, aggregate functions, grouping, and sorting.
- PL/SQL and Triggers: Introduction to PL/SQL, cursors, stored procedures, and triggers.
Unit 4: Database Design
- Entity-Relationship Model: Entities, attributes, relationships, ER diagrams.
- Normalization: Functional dependencies, 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF, higher normal forms.
- Design Process: Steps in database design, schema refinement, and normalization process.
Unit 5: Transaction Management
- Transactions: ACID properties (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability).
- Concurrency Control: Problems of concurrency, locking mechanisms, deadlock handling.
- Recovery Systems: Techniques for database recovery, log-based recovery, checkpoints.
Unit 6: Database Security
- Security Issues: Threats to databases, access control, and authentication.
- Encryption: Methods for securing data, encryption techniques.
- Database Auditing: Techniques for auditing database activities.
Unit 7: Advanced Database Concepts
- Distributed Databases: Concepts, advantages, distributed database design.
- NoSQL Databases: Introduction to NoSQL, types of NoSQL databases (document, key-value, column-family, graph).
- Data Warehousing and Data Mining: Concepts, architecture, OLAP, data mining techniques.
Unit 8: Emerging Trends in Databases
- Big Data: Introduction to big data, tools and technologies (Hadoop, Spark).
- Cloud Databases: Database as a service (DBaaS), advantages of cloud databases.
- NewSQL: Introduction to NewSQL databases, combining SQL and NoSQL features.