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Data Structures with C Notes Unit 1 – 7
Unit 1: Basic concepts of data representation
“Data representation” refers to the methods used to encode and store data in a format that can be processed by computers. At its core, digital systems use binary (0s and 1s).
Unit 2: Arrays
An “Arrays” is a fundamental data structure used to store a collection of elements, typically of the same data type, in a contiguous block of memory. Each element in an array is indexed, allowing for efficient access and manipulation based on its position.
Unit 3: Stacks and queues
“Stacks and queues” are both linear data structures used to manage collections of elements, but they differ in how elements are added and removed. A stack follows the Last In, First Out (LIFO) principle, meaning the last element added is the first one to be removed.
Unit 4: Linked lists
A “Linked lists” is a linear data structure in which elements, known as nodes, are stored in a sequence. Each node contains two parts: the data and a reference (or pointer) to the next node in the sequence.
Unit 5: Trees
A “Tree” is a hierarchical data structure composed of nodes, where each node stores a value and references to its child nodes. The structure starts with a root node at the top, and each node may have zero or more child nodes.
Unit 6: Searching, sorting and complexity
“Searching and sorting” are fundamental operations in computer science used to organize and retrieve data efficiently. Searching algorithms help locate a specific item in a data structure
Unit 7: Graphs
A “Graph” is a versatile data structure used to represent relationships or connections between pairs of elements, known as vertices or nodes, which are connected by edges. Graphs can model complex networks, such as social networks
Scope of Data Structures with C
Understanding Fundamental Data Structures
- Introduce core data structures like arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, trees, and graphs.
- Explain their characteristics, operations, and implementations in C.
- Analyze the time and space complexities of different data structures.
Objectives of Data Structures with C
The primary goals of a Data Structures course using C are to:
- Grasp fundamental data structures: Understand the concepts, operations, and implementations of arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, trees, and graphs.
- Develop algorithmic thinking: Learn to design and analyze efficient algorithms for various data structures.
- Master C programming: Enhance proficiency in C programming, including pointers, memory management, and dynamic memory allocation.
- Build problem-solving skills: Apply data structures to solve real-world problems and optimize solutions.
- Prepare for advanced topics: Lay the foundation for more complex data structures and algorithm design.
Data Structures Notes: All UNITS
UNIT – 1
1. Introduction to Data Structures
- Definition and Importance: Understanding the role of data structures in problem-solving and efficient algorithm design.
- Classification: Primitive and non-primitive data structures, linear and non-linear data structures.
UNIT – 2
2. Arrays
- Introduction to Arrays: Definition, types (one-dimensional, two-dimensional, multi-dimensional).
- Array Operations: Insertion, deletion, traversal, searching, and sorting.
- Applications: Practical applications of arrays in various scenarios.
UNIT – 3
3. Linked Lists
- Introduction to Linked Lists: Definition, advantages over arrays, types (singly, doubly, circular linked lists).
- Operations on Linked Lists: Insertion, deletion, traversal, searching, and reversing.
- Applications: Implementing stacks and queues using linked lists.
UNIT – 4
4. Stacks
- Definition and Concepts: LIFO (Last In, First Out) principle, stack operations (push, pop, peek).
- Implementation: Using arrays and linked lists.
- Applications: Function calls, expression evaluation (infix, postfix, prefix), recursion.
UNIT – 5
5. Queues
- Definition and Concepts: FIFO (First In, First Out) principle, queue operations (enqueue, dequeue, front, rear).
- Types of Queues: Simple queue, circular queue, priority queue, double-ended queue (deque).
- Implementation: Using arrays and linked lists.
- Applications: Job scheduling, simulation, breadth-first search (BFS).
UNIT – 6
6. Trees
- Introduction to Trees: Basic terminology (root, leaf, child, parent, sibling), types of trees (binary tree, binary search tree, AVL tree, etc.).
- Binary Trees: Representation, traversal methods (in-order, pre-order, post-order).
- Binary Search Trees (BST): Properties, operations (insertion, deletion, searching).
- Balanced Trees: AVL trees, rotations for balancing.
UNIT – 7
7. Graphs
- Introduction to Graphs: Basic terminology (vertices, edges, degree, path, cycle), types of graphs (directed, undirected, weighted, unweighted).
- Graph Representations: Adjacency matrix, adjacency list.
- Graph Traversals: Depth-first search (DFS), breadth-first search (BFS).
- Applications: Shortest path algorithms (Dijkstra’s, Floyd-Warshall), minimum spanning tree (Kruskal’s, Prim’s).
UNIT – 8
8. Hashing
- Introduction to Hashing: Hash functions, properties of good hash functions.
- Collision Resolution Techniques: Open addressing, chaining.
- Applications: Implementing dictionaries, databases.
UNIT – 9
9. Sorting and Searching Algorithms
- Sorting Algorithms: Bubble sort, selection sort, insertion sort, merge sort, quick sort, heap sort.
- Searching Algorithms: Linear search, binary search.
- Algorithm Analysis: Time complexity and space complexity.
UNIT – 10
10. File Handling
- Basic Concepts: Types of files (text, binary), file operations (open, close, read, write).
- File Handling in C: Using file pointers, seek, tell, read, write functions.
- Applications: Reading and writing data structures to files.
Recommended Books and Resources
- “Data Structures Using C” by Reema Thareja: Comprehensive guide to data structures in C.
- “Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis in C” by Mark Allen Weiss: In-depth coverage of data structures and algorithms.
- “The C Programming Language” by Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie: Classic book for mastering C programming.
- Online Resources: TutorialsPoint, GeeksforGeeks, Coursera, edX.
Practical Assignments
- Array Manipulations: Implementing and testing various operations on arrays.
- Linked List Operations: Creating linked lists and performing insertion, deletion, and traversal operations.
- Stack and Queue Applications: Implementing stacks and queues and using them in practical applications.
- Tree and Graph Algorithms: Implementing and testing various tree and graph algorithms.
- Sorting and Searching: Writing and analyzing various sorting and searching algorithms.
- File Handling Projects: Implementing file operations to read and write data structures to files.
Practical Skills
- Algorithm Design and Analysis: Developing efficient algorithms for various data structures.
- Programming Proficiency: Writing clean, efficient, and well-documented code in C.
- Problem-Solving: Applying data structure concepts to solve real-world problems.
- Debugging and Testing: Techniques for debugging and testing data structure implementations.