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Computer Networks Notes Unit 1 – 5
Unit 1: Introduction to Computer Network
A “computer network” is a system of interconnected computers and devices that communicate and share resources, data, and applications.
Unit 2: Data Link Layer and Media Access Control revised
The “Data Link Layer” is responsible for establishing a reliable link between two directly connected nodes and ensuring error-free data transfer over a physical medium.
Unit 3: Network Layer and Routing
The “Network Layer”, the third layer in the OSI model, is responsible for routing data packets across multiple networks and determining the best path from the source to the destination.
Unit 4: Transport Layer and Application Layer
The “Transport Layer”, the fourth layer in the OSI model, is responsible for reliable data transfer between devices by managing data segmentation, flow control, and error correction.
Unit 5: Wireless Networks and Emerging Technologies
“Wireless networks” enable devices to connect and communicate without physical cables, using radio waves, microwaves, or infrared signals to transmit data.
Scope of Computer Networks
Network Security
- Threats and vulnerabilities: Understanding common attacks like hacking, phishing, and malware.
- Security measures: Firewalls, encryption, intrusion detection systems (IDS), and virtual private networks (VPNs).
- Security policies and procedures: Implementing and enforcing security best practices.
Objectives of Computer Networks
The primary objectives of computer networks are:
- Enable communication: Facilitate the exchange of information between users and devices.
- Resource sharing: Allow multiple users to access and share hardware, software, and data.
- Increase efficiency: Streamline processes and improve productivity through network-based applications.
- Global connectivity: Connect individuals and organizations worldwide.
- Support distributed computing: Enable applications to run on multiple computers.
- Provide reliable data transfer: Ensure accurate and timely delivery of data.
- Enhance security: Protect network resources and data from unauthorized access.
UNIT – 1
1. Introduction to Computer Networks
- Definition and Importance: Understanding what a computer network is and its significance.
- Types of Networks: LAN, WAN, MAN, PAN.
- Network Topologies: Star, Ring, Bus, Mesh, Hybrid.
- Network Models: Client-server, Peer-to-peer.
UNIT – 2
2. Network Architecture and Protocols
- OSI Model: Layers, functions of each layer, PDU (Protocol Data Unit) at each layer.
- TCP/IP Model: Comparison with OSI model, layers, protocols at each layer.
- Networking Devices: Hubs, switches, routers, gateways, modems, access points.
UNIT – 3
3. Physical Layer
- Transmission Media: Wired (twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber optics), wireless (radio waves, microwaves, infrared).
- Signal Transmission: Analog vs. digital signals, modulation, bandwidth, attenuation.
- Network Interface Cards (NICs): Functionality, types.
UNIT – 4
4. Data Link Layer
- Framing: Concept, types of framing.
- Error Detection and Correction: Parity bits, checksums, CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check), Hamming code.
- Flow Control: Stop-and-wait, sliding window.
- MAC (Media Access Control): MAC addresses, ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), RARP (Reverse ARP).
- Ethernet: Standards, frame structure, CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection).
UNIT – 5
5. Network Layer
- IP Addressing: IPv4 vs. IPv6, address classes, subnetting, supernetting, CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing).
- Routing: Static vs. dynamic routing, routing algorithms (distance vector, link state), routing protocols (RIP, OSPF, BGP).
- Switching: Packet switching, circuit switching, message switching.
- ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): Purpose, message types (error reporting, query messages).
UNIT – 6
6. Transport Layer
- TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Features, connection establishment (three-way handshake), flow control, error control, congestion control.
- UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Features, comparison with TCP, use cases.
- Port Numbers: Well-known, registered, dynamic/private ports.
- Socket Programming: Basics of sockets, socket functions (socket(), bind(), listen(), accept(), connect(), send(), recv()).
UNIT – 7
7. Application Layer
- DNS (Domain Name System): Function, hierarchy, types of DNS servers, DNS resolution process.
- HTTP/HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol/Secure): Protocol operation, status codes, secure communication.
- FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Modes (active, passive), commands, responses.
- Email Protocols: SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), POP3 (Post Office Protocol), IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol).
- Other Application Layer Protocols: Telnet, SSH, DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol).
UNIT – 8
8. Network Security
- Fundamentals of Network Security: Goals (confidentiality, integrity, availability), threats and vulnerabilities.
- Encryption and Decryption: Symmetric vs. asymmetric encryption, public key infrastructure (PKI).
- Firewalls: Types (packet-filtering, stateful inspection, proxy), configuration.
- Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDS/IPS): Types, functionality.
- Virtual Private Networks (VPNs): Types, protocols (IPSec, SSL/TLS).
UNIT – 9
9. Wireless and Mobile Networks
- Wireless Networking Concepts: Wireless transmission, wireless standards (IEEE 802.11), Wi-Fi, Bluetooth.
- Mobile Communication: Cellular networks, GSM, CDMA, LTE.
- Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks: Characteristics, applications, challenges.
UNIT – 10
10. Emerging Technologies
- Internet of Things (IoT): Architecture, communication models, protocols.
- Cloud Computing: Service models (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS), deployment models (public, private, hybrid).
- Software-Defined Networking (SDN): Concepts, architecture, benefits.
- Network Function Virtualization (NFV): Concepts, architecture, benefits.
Recommended Books and Resources
- “Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach” by James F. Kurose and Keith W. Ross: Comprehensive guide to networking principles.
- “Data Communications and Networking” by Behrouz A. Forouzan: In-depth exploration of networking concepts.
- “Computer Networks” by Andrew S. Tanenbaum and David J. Wetherall: Detailed look at network protocols and architecture.
- Online Resources: Cisco Networking Academy, Khan Academy, Coursera, edX.
Practical Assignments
- Network Configuration: Setting up and configuring network devices and protocols.
- Socket Programming: Developing client-server applications using sockets.
- Simulation Tools: Using network simulation tools like Cisco Packet Tracer, GNS3.
- Network Troubleshooting: Diagnosing and resolving network issues using tools like ping, traceroute, nslookup.
- Security Implementation: Configuring firewalls, VPNs, and IDS/IPS systems.
Practical Skills
- Network Design and Implementation: Designing and implementing small to medium-sized networks.
- Network Administration: Managing and maintaining network operations.
- Troubleshooting: Identifying and solving network issues.
- Security Best Practices: Implementing and maintaining network security measures