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Scope of Computer Networks
Network Security
- Threats and vulnerabilities: Understanding common attacks like hacking, phishing, and malware.
- Security measures: Firewalls, encryption, intrusion detection systems (IDS), and virtual private networks (VPNs).
- Security policies and procedures: Implementing and enforcing security best practices.
Objectives of Computer Networks
The primary objectives of computer networks are:
- Enable communication: Facilitate the exchange of information between users and devices.
- Resource sharing: Allow multiple users to access and share hardware, software, and data.
- Increase efficiency: Streamline processes and improve productivity through network-based applications.
- Global connectivity: Connect individuals and organizations worldwide.
- Support distributed computing: Enable applications to run on multiple computers.
- Provide reliable data transfer: Ensure accurate and timely delivery of data.
- Enhance security: Protect network resources and data from unauthorized access.
UNIT – 1
1. Introduction to Computer Networks
- Definition and Importance: Understanding what a computer network is and its significance.
- Types of Networks: LAN, WAN, MAN, PAN.
- Network Topologies: Star, Ring, Bus, Mesh, Hybrid.
- Network Models: Client-server, Peer-to-peer.
UNIT – 2
2. Network Architecture and Protocols
- OSI Model: Layers, functions of each layer, PDU (Protocol Data Unit) at each layer.
- TCP/IP Model: Comparison with OSI model, layers, protocols at each layer.
- Networking Devices: Hubs, switches, routers, gateways, modems, access points.
UNIT – 3
3. Physical Layer
- Transmission Media: Wired (twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber optics), wireless (radio waves, microwaves, infrared).
- Signal Transmission: Analog vs. digital signals, modulation, bandwidth, attenuation.
- Network Interface Cards (NICs): Functionality, types.
UNIT – 4
4. Data Link Layer
- Framing: Concept, types of framing.
- Error Detection and Correction: Parity bits, checksums, CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check), Hamming code.
- Flow Control: Stop-and-wait, sliding window.
- MAC (Media Access Control): MAC addresses, ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), RARP (Reverse ARP).
- Ethernet: Standards, frame structure, CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection).
UNIT – 5
5. Network Layer
- IP Addressing: IPv4 vs. IPv6, address classes, subnetting, supernetting, CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing).
- Routing: Static vs. dynamic routing, routing algorithms (distance vector, link state), routing protocols (RIP, OSPF, BGP).
- Switching: Packet switching, circuit switching, message switching.
- ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): Purpose, message types (error reporting, query messages).
UNIT – 6
6. Transport Layer
- TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Features, connection establishment (three-way handshake), flow control, error control, congestion control.
- UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Features, comparison with TCP, use cases.
- Port Numbers: Well-known, registered, dynamic/private ports.
- Socket Programming: Basics of sockets, socket functions (socket(), bind(), listen(), accept(), connect(), send(), recv()).
UNIT – 7
7. Application Layer
- DNS (Domain Name System): Function, hierarchy, types of DNS servers, DNS resolution process.
- HTTP/HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol/Secure): Protocol operation, status codes, secure communication.
- FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Modes (active, passive), commands, responses.
- Email Protocols: SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), POP3 (Post Office Protocol), IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol).
- Other Application Layer Protocols: Telnet, SSH, DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol).
UNIT – 8
8. Network Security
- Fundamentals of Network Security: Goals (confidentiality, integrity, availability), threats and vulnerabilities.
- Encryption and Decryption: Symmetric vs. asymmetric encryption, public key infrastructure (PKI).
- Firewalls: Types (packet-filtering, stateful inspection, proxy), configuration.
- Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDS/IPS): Types, functionality.
- Virtual Private Networks (VPNs): Types, protocols (IPSec, SSL/TLS).
UNIT – 9
9. Wireless and Mobile Networks
- Wireless Networking Concepts: Wireless transmission, wireless standards (IEEE 802.11), Wi-Fi, Bluetooth.
- Mobile Communication: Cellular networks, GSM, CDMA, LTE.
- Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks: Characteristics, applications, challenges.
UNIT – 10
10. Emerging Technologies
- Internet of Things (IoT): Architecture, communication models, protocols.
- Cloud Computing: Service models (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS), deployment models (public, private, hybrid).
- Software-Defined Networking (SDN): Concepts, architecture, benefits.
- Network Function Virtualization (NFV): Concepts, architecture, benefits.
Recommended Books and Resources
- “Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach” by James F. Kurose and Keith W. Ross: Comprehensive guide to networking principles.
- “Data Communications and Networking” by Behrouz A. Forouzan: In-depth exploration of networking concepts.
- “Computer Networks” by Andrew S. Tanenbaum and David J. Wetherall: Detailed look at network protocols and architecture.
- Online Resources: Cisco Networking Academy, Khan Academy, Coursera, edX.
Practical Assignments
- Network Configuration: Setting up and configuring network devices and protocols.
- Socket Programming: Developing client-server applications using sockets.
- Simulation Tools: Using network simulation tools like Cisco Packet Tracer, GNS3.
- Network Troubleshooting: Diagnosing and resolving network issues using tools like ping, traceroute, nslookup.
- Security Implementation: Configuring firewalls, VPNs, and IDS/IPS systems.
Practical Skills
- Network Design and Implementation: Designing and implementing small to medium-sized networks.
- Network Administration: Managing and maintaining network operations.
- Troubleshooting: Identifying and solving network issues.
- Security Best Practices: Implementing and maintaining network security measures